Knowledge base
Regulatory deep dives. By practitioners, for practitioners.
21 long-form analyses covering MiCA implementation, VASP-to-CASP transition, prudential capital, DORA, Travel Rule, stablecoin reserves, and jurisdictional comparisons. Each piece cites primary sources and is reviewed against the regulator's most recent technical standards.
Comparison EU jurisdictional comparison
Best EU Jurisdiction for MiCA CASP in 2026: A Practical Comparison
Lithuania, Estonia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Malta, Ireland — six EU member states actively process MiCA CASP files in 2026, and they differ on timeline, supervisory rigour, capital…
MiCA rules MiCA · CASP operations & lifecycle
CASP Operations and Lifecycle 2026 — MiCA Passport, Banking, Wind-Down
The CASP passport under MiCA Article 65 went operational in late 2024 — but a working passport is one part of running an authorised CASP. This pillar covers cross-border operations…
Comparison Crypto custody licence · Comparison
Crypto Custody Licence: Jurisdictions Compared (2026)
A crypto custody licence is not one licence. Under MiCA it is a CASP Class 2 authorisation; in the US a state trust charter or SPDI; in Asia a different licence in each market. The…
Operational Crypto brokerage · OTC desk · MiCA services
Crypto Broker License 2026 — OTC Desk and Brokerage Under MiCA
A crypto broker license under MiCA is built from CASP services — reception and transmission of orders, execution, and placing for an agency broker; exchange for a principal OTC des…
MiCA rules Crypto casino · Gambling + crypto licensing
Crypto Casino License vs Gambling License 2026 — What Operators Need
Crypto casino operators face the intersection of gambling regulation and crypto-asset regulation. Some jurisdictions treat crypto casinos under their general gambling framework; ot…
Company formation Crypto company formation · Cross-jurisdiction guide
Crypto Company Formation 2026: The Vehicle, the Capital, and the Licence
A cross-jurisdiction guide to forming the company behind a crypto business — Estonia OÜ, Lithuania UAB, Czech s.r.o., Ireland LTD, Poland sp. z o.o., Swiss AG/GmbH, and the UAE fre…
Comparison Crypto exchange licence · Comparison
Crypto Exchange License: Jurisdictions Compared (2026)
A crypto exchange licence is not one licence. It is six or seven different regimes — MiCA, VARA, MAS, SFC, FCA, FINMA, and the US state-by-state map. This is the 2026 jurisdictiona…
Comparison Cyprus vs Malta · CASP comparison
Cyprus vs Malta CASP License 2026 — CySEC vs MFSA Guide
Cyprus vs Malta for a MiCA CASP licence — both grant authorisation with EU passport, both small English-language EU jurisdictions. The real comparison is regulator track record, su…
MiCA rules MiCA scope edges · DeFi · staking · DLT Pilot · Article 60 · reverse solicitation · MiFID II line
The Edges of MiCA Scope 2026 — DeFi, Staking, DLT Pilot, Article 60, Reverse Solicitation
Where MiCA's perimeter actually sits — the DeFi carve-out, staking and lending, the DLT Pilot Regime boundary, the Article 60 bank track, reverse solicitation, and the MiFID II fin…
Operational DORA · ICT operational resilience
DORA ICT Resilience Plan for CASPs: What 2026 Requires
DORA has applied to MiCA-authorised CASPs since 17 January 2025. What the ICT risk-management framework, testing programme, third-party register and incident reporting must cover, …
Comparison Estonia vs Lithuania · CASP comparison
Estonia vs Lithuania CASP License 2026 — Which to Choose
Estonia vs Lithuania for a MiCA CASP licence, with Latvia and Poland in the frame too. The Baltic-CEE rulebooks have converged under MiCA. What still separates these hubs is ecosys…
AML & Travel Rule EU TFR · Travel Rule · 2026 implementation
EU Travel Rule, AML, Sanctions & DAC8 — CASP Compliance 2026
The EU AML, Travel Rule, sanctions and tax-reporting stack for CASPs in one place: the TFR and what differs by member state, self-hosted wallets, FATF R.16, AMLR and AMLA from 2027…
MiCA rules Qualifying holdings · CASP acquisitions
Qualifying Holdings Acquisitions 2026 — MiCA CASP Guide
MiCA Articles 83 and 84 govern notification and assessment of any acquisition of a qualifying holding in a CASP, and of increases past 20%, 30% or 50%. The procedure, the 60-workin…
MiCA rules Crypto custody · Segregation rules
Crypto Custody Segregation Rules — MiCA Practitioner Guide
MiCA Article 75 sets the rules for CASP custody of client crypto-assets: custody agreement, register of positions, custody policy, segregation on the ledger and in law, liability f…
MiCA rules CASP conduct and marketing · MiCA rules
MiCA Conduct and Marketing Rules for CASPs: The Full Cluster
How MiCA governs CASP conduct: fair, clear, not misleading information and marketing (Article 66), Title II marketing (Article 7), conflicts (72), best execution (78), the order-ro…
MiCA rules MiCA stablecoin · Title III + Title IV
MiCA Stablecoin Regulation Summary 2026 — Title III ART + Title IV EMT
MiCA's stablecoin regulation splits across Title III (asset-referenced tokens) and Title IV (e-money tokens) with distinct issuer authorisation pathways, reserve requirements, and …
Comparison MiCA vs other regimes · Comparison pillar
MiCA vs Other Regimes — Switzerland, Dubai, Canada Compared
MiCA is the EU's bespoke, passportable crypto regime. This pillar sets it against the alternatives founders actually weigh — Switzerland's FINMA framework and token classes, Liecht…
MiCA rules VASP licensing · Pre-MiCA frameworks
VASP License Crypto Explained — Pre-MiCA Frameworks to MiCA Migration
VASP (Virtual Asset Service Provider) registration was the dominant pre-MiCA EU crypto framework — AML-focused registration in Estonia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Finla…
MiCA rules MiCA enforcement · Powers, penalties, published decisions
MiCA Enforcement in 2026: NCA Powers, Penalties and What to Watch
MiCA enforcement sits with national competent authorities. This guide sets out their powers under Article 94, withdrawal under Article 64 and the fine levels in Article 111, and sh…
MiCA rules Licensed crypto exchanges EU · Checking MiCA authorisation
Licensed Crypto Exchanges in the EU: How to Check MiCA Authorisation
ESMA's interim MiCA register listed 370 crypto-asset service providers across the EEA on 7 October 2026. This guide explains what the register shows, how to check an exchange's aut…
MiCA rules CASP authorisation · MiCA practitioner guide
MiCA CASP Authorisation 2026 — Procedure, Capital & Timeline
The MiCA CASP authorisation pillar — the Article 62 file, choosing Class 1/2/3, Article 67 own funds, the Article 63 deadlines, information requests, ESMA notification, refusal gro…
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